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吴恩达 Andrew Ng

Error Analysis

Carrying out error analysis 误差分析

• look at dev examples to evaluate ideas
• evaluate multiple ideas in parallel

Cleaning up incorrectly labeled data

• If the errors are reasonably random, it’s okay to leave the errors as they are
• DL algorithms are quite robust to random errors in the training set
• whether a significant difference to your ability

Build your first system quickly, then iterate

• Set up dev/test set and metric
• Build initial system quickly
• Use Bias/Variance analysis & Error analysis to prioritize next steps

Mismatched training and dev/test set

Training and testing on different distributions

• 混合数据，使其分布统一，但缺少了针对性
• 开发集和测试集都用测试的图片，训练集加入极少的测试图片
• Cat app example
  

Bias and Variance with mismatched data distributions

• Training-dev set

  Same distribution as training set, but not used for training

• carve out a piece of the training set to be the training-dev set

• Human level, Training error, Training-dev error, Dev error, Test error

  

• Rearview example

  

Addressing data mismatch

• Carry out manual error analysis to try to understand difference
  between training and dev/test sets
• Make training data more similar; or collect more data similar to
  dev/test sets
• artificial data synthesis 人工合成
• 躬亲

Learning from multiple tasks

Transfer learning

• pre-training (预训练), fine tuning (微调)
• 从已有的经过大量数据训练的模型迁移到小数据的训练上
• transfer A to B
  • Task A and B have the same input x.
  • You have a lot more data for Task A than Task B.
  • Low level features from A could be helpful for learning B.

Multi-task learning

• 一张图可以有多个标签
• Training on a set of tasks that could benefit from having shared lower-level features.
• Usually: Amount of data you have for each task is quite similar.
• Can train a big enough neural network to do well on all the tasks.

End-to-end deep learning (端到端)

What is end-to-end deep learning?

• 直接从输入到输出
• traditional pipeline approach actually works as well when you have small amount of data
• Speech recognition example
  

Whether to use end-to-end deep learning

• hand-designed components tend to help more when training on a small data set
• sufficient date to learn a function for the complexity needed to map x to y

Pros

• Let the data speak
• Less hand-designing of components needed

Cons

• May need large amount of data
• Excludes potentially useful hand-designed components 缺少了可能有用的人工干预